vendredi 27 octobre 2023

Poste en histoire des sciences antiques

Assistant Professor of Classics & Ancient Science 

Call for applications


The Department of Classics at the University of Pittsburgh invites applications for a tenure-stream Assistant Professor position in Classics with an area of expertise in ancient science. The appointment will begin on September 1, 2024. The teaching load is four courses in a two-term academic year (two courses in the fall semester, and two courses in the spring semester). A Ph.D. in Classics or a closely related field (e.g., Ancient Philosophy/Science or Near Eastern Studies) is required at the time of appointment. We welcome applicants who approach the intellectual history of the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome as part of a multicultural and interconnected Mediterranean region. In addition to contributing to the department’s undergraduate Classics curriculum (instruction in one or more ancient languages at all levels and courses in translation on ancient Mediterranean culture), the successful candidate is expected to participate in our interdisciplinary graduate program in Classics, Philosophy, and Ancient Science (CPAS) by teaching graduate seminars and directing doctoral research. The candidate is also expected to develop a research profile in one of the following areas:

· the history of the sciences in Greece or Rome and/or the broader ancient Mediterranean;

· cross-cultural knowledge transfer in the ancient world;

· the development of scientific didactic literature in poetry and prose;

· ancient mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and the natural sciences.



The department seeks applicants who have demonstrated both excellence and promise in research and teaching and who have a strong commitment to Classics as a meaningful field of study in the modern world that can engage and support students of all backgrounds in the twenty-first century. As a member of the Pitt Classics Department, the successful candidate will be expected to think and act creatively in integrating teaching, mentoring, and scholarship while promoting diversity and inclusion in the classroom and throughout the University community. For additional information about the department please visit http://www.classics.pitt.edu.


Candidates should submit via Pitt’s Talent Center by November 15, 2023: a letter of application, a curriculum vitae, and a statement about how their teaching and service demonstrate a commitment to diversity and inclusion, together with contact information of three persons able to provide confidential professional letters of recommendation (no letters should be submitted at the initial stage of the search). Applicants who progress to the second round of consideration will be asked to submit a piece of recent research (ca. 20 pages), a sample course syllabus, and three letters of recommendation in early to mid-December 2023. Questions may be directed to the Department chair Christian Wildberg (chw168@pitt.edu) or Kelly Britcher, the Faculty Actions and Recruitment Coordinator (KSB85@pitt.edu, 412-383 1692). The university is willing to sponsor a visa.

The deadline for submission of applications is November 15, 2023.



Apply via the Pitt Talent Center here.


The University of Pittsburgh is committed to championing all aspects of diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility within our community. This commitment is a fundamental value of the University and is crucial in helping us advance our mission, which includes attracting and retaining diverse workforces. We will continue to create and maintain an environment that allows individuals to discover, belong, contribute, and grow, while honoring the experiences, perspectives, and unique identities of all.

The University of Pittsburgh is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer and values equality of opportunity, human dignity and diversity. EOE, including disability/vets.

The University of Pittsburgh requires all Pitt constituents (employees and students) on all campuses to be vaccinated against COVID-19 or have an approved exemption. Visit hr.pitt.edu/contact-ohr to learn more.

jeudi 26 octobre 2023

La littérature canadienne et la médecine

Canadian Literature and Medicine
 

Shane Neilson

 
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Routledge; 1st edition (September 28, 2023)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 268 pages
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1032343044


Canadian Literature and Medicine breaks new ground by formulating a series of frameworks with which to read and interpret a national literature derived from the very fabric of that literature – in this case Canadian. Canadian literature is of particular interest because of its consideration of coloniality, Indigeneity, and coincident development alongside a nascent socialized medical system currently under threat from neoliberalism.

The first chapters of the book carefully track the development of Canada’s socialized medical system as it manifests in the imaginations of the nation’s poets and authors who depict care. Reciprocal flows are investigated in which these poets and authors are quoted in policy documents. The archive-based methodology is sustained in subsequent chapters that rely upon a unique interdisciplinary mix of medical history, philosophy of medicine, medical policy, theory inherent to the field of Canadian literature (focusing in particular on the garrison mentality as a form of aesthetic protest and the feminist ethics of care), and Indigenous ways of knowing.

Bourse postdoctorale sur les pratiques forensiques entre 1914 et 1939

Post-doctorant-e - Fonds National en histoire
 

Appel à candidatures


Entité organisationnelle
Maison de l'histoire

Fonction
Post-doctorant-e - Fonds National

Code fonction
PDOCFN

Classe maximum
14

Corps
Assistant - maître assistant

Taux d'activité
80-100% (CDD 3 ans)

Lieu de travail
Genève

Délai d'inscription
19-11-2023

Référence
5503

Pièce(s) jointe(s)
Cahier_des_charges_postdoc_2.pdf

Description du poste

Dans le cadre du projet Mass Death, Science and Medicine: Handling the Corpses of War in Modern Europe (1850-1960) financé par le Fonds national suisse, la Maison de l’histoire met au concours un poste de post-doctorant-e en histoire à 80-100%.

Le/la titulaire du poste aura pour principale fonction de mener des travaux de recherche dans l’axe (2) : The Birth of War Forensics (1914-1939)qui porte sur le développement de savoirs et de pratiques forensiques liées aux violences de masse lors de la Première Guerre mondiale et durant l’entre-deux-guerres en Europe.

La personne retenue sera également invitée à participer à diverses activités de la Maison de l’histoire.

Le/la titulaire aura notamment pour missions :

- Mener des recherches destinées à être publiées (articles, chapitres, etc.) dans le cadre de l’axe (2) du projet

- Contribuer à l’organisation des différentes activités de l’équipe de recherche (organisation de colloques, conférences, ouvrage collectif)

- Assurer la collaboration avec les partenaires scientifiques locaux et internationaux

- Participer à différentes tâches liées aux activités de la Maison de l’histoire (événements, Festival Histoire et Cité, etc.)

Pour de plus amples informations, merci de vous référer au cahier des charges.
Titre et compétences exigés

Doctorat en histoire ou titre jugé équivalent obtenu après le 31 janvier 2019.

Des connaissances en histoire de la médecine et/ou en histoire de la guerre et des violences constituent un atout.

Le poste requiert en outre les qualifications suivantes : Compétences scientifiques, attestées par des publications et/ou des subsides (dédiés à la recherche et à la mobilité)
Capacité attestée à mener des recherches de façon indépendante
Capacité de développer des collaborations scientifiques, aux niveaux local, national et international
Capacité à évoluer dans un environnement interdisciplinaire et à nouer des collaborations avec des chercheur-euses issu-es d’autres disciplines (anthropologie, relations internationales, médecine légale, droit, etc.)
Maîtrise de l’Anglais 


Entrée en fonction

1er février 2024 ou à convenir
Contact

Des renseignements complémentaires peuvent être obtenus auprès de Taline Garibian taline.garibian@unige.ch
Informations complémentaires

Le dossier de candidature comprendra :

- un curriculum vitae avec liste de publications

- une lettre de motivation

- un projet de recherche (max. 2 pages) s’insérant dans l’axe concerné

- un exemple de production écrite individuelle (article, chapitre de thèse, etc.)

- une copie des diplômes

Il sera déposé exclusivement en ligne en cliquant sur le bouton ci-dessous « Postuler/Apply now ».

Les dossiers papier ne sont pas acceptés. 


Job description


The Maison de l’histoire is advertising a postdoctoral position in history (80-100%) as part of the project ‘Mass Death, Science and Medicine: Handling the Corpses of War in Modern Europe (1850-1960)’ funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation.

The position holder's main responsibility will be to conduct research within the sub-project 2: The Birth of War Forensics (1914-1939), focusing on the development of forensic knowledge and practices related to mass violence during World War I and the interwar period in Europe. The selected candidate will also be expected to participate in various activities at the Maison de l'histoire.

Key responsibilities include:
Conducting research for publication (articles, chapters, etc.) within the scope of sub-project 2.
Contributing to the collaborative activities of the research group.
Assisting in the organization of events convened by the research group (conferences, symposiums, collective works).
Collaborating with local and international scientific partners.
Involvement in various tasks related to the activities of the Maison de l'Histoire (events, Festival Histoire et Cité, etc.).

For more information, please refer to the job description.


Required Qualifications and Skills:
Ph.D. in history or an equivalent qualification obtained after January 31, 2019.
Knowledge in the history of medicine and/or the history of war and violence is an asset.
The position also requires the following qualifications:
Demonstrated scientific expertise through publications and/or research grants (dedicated to research and mobility).
Proven ability to conduct independent research.
Ability to establish scientific collaborations at local, national, and international levels.
Capability to work in an interdisciplinary environment and collaborate with researchers from other fields (anthropology, international relations, forensic medicine, law, etc.).
Proficiency in English and a good command of French.


Application Submission:

The application should include:
A curriculum vitae with a list of publications.
A cover letter.
A research proposal (maximum 2 pages) within the relevant axis.
A writing sample (article, thesis chapter, etc.).
Copies of academic diplomas.


The application must be submitted exclusively online by clicking on the "Apply Now" button.

Paper applications will not be accepted.

For further information, please contact Taline Garibian at taline.garibian@unige.ch.

Postuler / Apply now >>
 

mercredi 25 octobre 2023

Histoire du Spasfon

Pilules roses. De l'ignorance en médecine

Juliette Ferry-Danini
 

Stock
Parution : 25/10/2023
Collection : Essais - Documents


Vous en avez probablement au fond de votre trousse à pharmacie. Le Spasfon est l’un des médicaments les plus prescrits et vendus en France, en majorité aux femmes. Une pilule rose familière lorsque l’on souffre de règles douloureuses. Et pourtant, aucun essai clinique ne soutient son efficacité pour cette indication.

Juliette Ferry-Danini retourne aux origines du médicament, dans les années 1960. L’histoire du Spasfon n’est pas toute rose : des malades empoisonnés à dessein, des données scientifiques défaillantes et le sexisme ont marqué son développement, construisant une situation d’ignorance scientifique qui perdure aujourd’hui.

Dans cet essai de philosophie féministe, l’autrice analyse les conséquences de cette ignorance en médecine et propose des outils essentiels pour redonner du pouvoir et de l’autonomie aux patientes et patients.

Bourse postdoctorale sur la médicalisation de la mort sur les champs de bataille

Post-doctorant-e - Fonds National en histoire
 

Appel à candidatures


Entité organisationnelle
Maison de l'histoire

Fonction
Post-doctorant-e - Fonds National

Code fonction
PDOCFN

Classe maximum
14

Corps
Assistant - maître assistant

Taux d'activité
80-100% (CDD de 3 ans)

Lieu de travail
Genève

Délai d'inscription
19-11-2023

Référence
5501

Pièce(s) jointe(s)
Cahier_des_charges_postdoc_1TG.pdf

Description du poste

Dans le cadre du projet Mass Death, Science and Medicine: Handling the Corpses of War in Modern Europe (1850-1960) financé par le Fonds national suisse, la Maison de l’histoire met au concours un poste de post-doctorant-e en histoire à 80-100%.

Le/la titulaire du poste aura pour principale fonction de mener des travaux de recherche dans l’axe (1) : The Medicalization of Death on the Battlefields (1850-1914) qui porte sur l’influence de la médecine sur la gestion des corps lors d’épisodes de mort de masse entre 1850 et 1914 en Europe.

La personne retenue sera également invitée à participer à diverses activités de la Maison de l’histoire.

Le/la titulaire aura notamment pour missions :

- Mener des recherches destinées à être publiées (articles, chapitres, etc.) dans le cadre de l’axe (1) du projet

- Contribuer aux activités collectives du groupe de recherche

- Contribuer à l’organisation des événements proposés par le groupe de recherche (colloques, conférences, ouvrage collectif)

- Assurer la collaboration avec les partenaires scientifiques locaux et internationaux

- Participer à différentes tâches liées aux activités de la Maison de l’histoire (événements, Festival Histoire et Cité, etc.)

Pour de plus amples informations, merci de vous référer au cahier des charges.
Titre et compétences exigés

Doctorat en histoire ou titre jugé équivalent obtenu après le 31 janvier 2019.

Des connaissances en histoire de la médecine et/ou en histoire de la guerre et des violences constituent un atout.

Le poste requiert en outre les qualifications suivantes :
Compétences scientifiques, attestées par des publications et/ou des subsides (dédiés à la recherche et à la mobilité)
Capacité attestée à mener des recherches de façon indépendante
Capacité à développer des collaborations scientifiques, aux niveaux local, national et international
Capacité à évoluer dans un environnement interdisciplinaire et à nouer des collaborations avec des chercheur-euses issu-es d’autres disciplines (anthropologie, relations internationales, médecine légale, droit, etc.)
Maîtrise de l’Anglais 


Entrée en fonction

1er février 2024 ou à convenir 


Contact

Des renseignements complémentaires peuvent être obtenus auprès de Taline Garibian taline.garibian@unige.ch

 
Informations complémentaires

Le dossier de candidature comprendra :

- un curriculum vitae avec liste de publications

- une lettre de motivation

- un projet de recherche (max. 2 pages) s’insérant dans l’axe concerné

- un exemple de production écrite individuelle (article, chapitre de thèse, etc.)

- une copie des diplômes

Il sera déposé exclusivement en ligne en cliquant sur le bouton ci-dessous « Postuler/Apply now ».

Les dossiers papier ne sont pas acceptés. 


Job description

The Maison de l’histoire is advertising a postdoctoral position in history (80-100%) as part of the project ‘Mass Death, Science and Medicine: Handling the Corpses of War in Modern Europe (1850-1960)’ funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation.

The position holder's main responsibility will be to conduct research within the sub-project 1: The Medicalization of Death on the Battlefields (1850-1914), which focuses on the influence of medicine on the management of bodies during mass death episodes in Europe between 1850 and 1914. The selected candidate will also be expected to participate in various activities at the Maison de l'Histoire.


Key responsibilities include:
Conducting research for publication (articles, chapters, etc.) within the scope of sub-project 1.
Contributing to the collaborative activities of the research group.
Assisting in the organization of events convened by the research group (conferences, symposiums, collective works).
Collaborating with local and international scientific partners.
Involvement in various tasks related to the activities of the Maison de l'Histoire (events, Festival Histoire et Cité, etc.).


Required Qualifications and Skills:

  • Ph.D. in history or an equivalent qualification obtained after January 31, 2019.
  • Knowledge in the history of medicine and/or the history of war and violence is an asset.
  • The position also requires the following qualifications:
  • Demonstrated scientific expertise through publications and/or research grants (dedicated to research and mobility).
  • Proven ability to conduct independent research.
  • Ability to establish scientific collaborations at local, national, and international levels.
  • Capability to work in an interdisciplinary environment and collaborate with researchers from other fields (anthropology, international relations, forensic medicine, law, etc.).
  • Proficiency in English and a good command of French.



The application should include:
A curriculum vitae with a list of publications.
A cover letter.
A research proposal (maximum 2 pages) within the relevant axis.
A writing sample (article, thesis chapter, etc.).
Copies of academic diplomas.


The application must be submitted exclusively online by clicking on the "Apply Now" button.

Paper applications will not be accepted.

For further information, please contact Taline Garibian at taline.garibian@unige.ch.

Postuler / Apply now >>
Transmettre / Send to a friend >>

mardi 24 octobre 2023

Bourse postdoctorale en histoire du nursing et des soins de santé

Mellon Race, Place, and Equity Postdoctoral Research Associate in the History of Nursing and Healthcare

Call for applications 

University of Virginia, School of Nursing, Eleanor Crowder Bjoring Center for Nursing Historical Inquiry


Institution Type:   College / University
Location:   Virginia, United States
Position:   Post-Doctoral Fellow

As part of an ongoing commitment to diversifying our programs, the professoriate, and the research workforce, the School of Nursing at the University of Virginia seeks applications for a Mellon Race, Place, and Equity Postdoctoral Research Associate in the History of Nursing and Healthcare. This program recruits postdoctoral scholars who have the potential to assume tenure-track faculty positions and who would benefit from mentored professional development opportunities.  

The Mellon Race, Place, and Equity Postdoctoral Research Associate in the History of Nursing and Healthcare is funded by a university-wide Race, Place and Equity (RPE) grant from the Mellon Foundation and UVA matching funds to advance research and teaching related to race, justice, and equity (RJE). The Postdoctoral Fellow will be based in the School of Nursing’s Eleanor Crowder Bjoring Center for Nursing Historical Inquiry and work on RJE-related questions, specifically in the history of nursing and healthcare in North America.

 

Professional Development:

The goal of this program is to provide a mentored professional development opportunity to train the next generation of scholars for future tenure-track positions at UVA or elsewhere. Postdoctoral Research Associates selected under this program will be appointed for two years (subject to annual review) and will carry out research, teaching and professional development activities directed toward securing a tenure-track position. The Postdoctoral Fellow funded through the Mellon grant will carry out transformative, cross-disciplinary research and will be expected to produce scholarship related to health equity, race, and justice in the United States using place-based methodologies for research. The fellow’s work should also strengthen existing initiatives that address RJE issues in the history of nursing and healthcare. In addition to mentoring within the Bjoring Center and School of Nursing, the Postdoctoral Fellow will join a University-wide cohort of Race, Place and Equity Fellows funded by a Race, Place and Equity grant from the Mellon Foundation and UVA matching funds, for additional interdisciplinary interactions, career development programs, and professional growth opportunities. Teaching is an important part of preparation for a faculty position, and different types of teaching opportunities may be available. This may include co-teaching courses on the history of nursing and healthcare and mentoring PhD students in the history of nursing and healthcare. The Postdoctoral Fellow will also collaborate with Bjoring Center faculty and staff to develop public history projects centered on the history of race, justice, and equity in nursing and healthcare.

With the aim of building professional research networks and community, the Fellow may choose to connect with one of the many organizations at UVA working on issues of race and equity. Some examples include:  The Equity Center, the Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies, the Native and Indigenous Relations Community, the Institute for Humanities and Global Cultures, the Democracy Initiative, the Memory Project, the Center for the Study of Race and Law,   Digital Humanities@UVA and Environmental Humanities at UVA.

Postdoctoral Fellow Support:

The Postdoctoral Fellow funded under this program will be appointed for two years contingent on a successful annual review. This is a 12-month residential appointment in the School of Nursing which will provide full research, teaching, and administrative support.  In addition to salary and benefits, the program will provide a research fund allocation for the Fellow.  

Requirements:

Applicants must have a PhD. Candidates who received (or will receive) their PhD between August 24, 2021 and August 24, 2024 are eligible to apply. The RPE component specifically seeks applicants with a relevant scholarly focus in the history of nursing and healthcare or humanistic studies in nursing which could help to advance recent work at UVA that includes the President’s Commission on Slavery and the University, the completion of the Memorial to Enslaved Laborers, and the report of the Racial Equity Task Force. Potential areas of research focus might include, but are by no means limited to, race and the healthcare workforce; race, environment, and health; health inequity; settler colonialism and health; indigenous ways of knowing and healing; race and health policy; health justice movements. Scholars from underrepresented communities, including Native American, Indigenous, African American, Latinx, Asian American, queer, and neurodiverse scholars, and scholars with disabilities, are especially invited to apply.

The selected applicant will be required to complete a background check and health screening prior to their first day of employment per University policy.

To Apply:

Apply online at https://uva.wd1.myworkdayjobs.com/UVAJobs  search for requisition R0053618.  Internal applicants must apply through their UVA Workday profile.  Complete the application, and upload the following Required materials:

  • Cover Letter 

  • Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Statement 

  • Resume 

  • Research and Teaching Statement 

  • Writing Sample 

  • Contact Information for Two Letters of Reference 

 

***Please note that multiple documents can be uploaded in the box or you can combine them into one PDF. You MUST upload ALL documents into the CV/Resume box. Applications that do not contain all of the required documents will not receive full consideration.***


Contact:

For questions about the application process please contact Marcus Rozier, Academic Recruiter, hjv5vm@virginia.edu.

 

For more information, visit www.nursing.virginia.edu, or contact us directly:  

Website: None
Primary Category: History of Science, Medicine, and Technology
Secondary Categories: African American History / Studies
Asian American History / Studies
Chicana/o History / Studies
Women, Gender, and Sexuality
Race / Ethnic Studies
Posting Date: 10/11/2023
Closing Date 01/09/2024

Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowship

Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowship

Call for applications 

University of Warwick - Faculty of Arts

Location: Coventry
Salary: Not Specified
Hours: Full Time
Contract Type: Fixed-Term/Contract


The Faculty of Arts at the University of Warwick encourages outstanding postdoctoral scholars to apply to the Leverhulme Trust’s Early Career Fellowships scheme, for Fellowships starting in the 2024/25 academic year.

The Faculty is one of the world’s top 50 Arts and Humanities faculties and is home to a thriving research culture spread across six Departments and Schools. These are Classics and Ancient History; English and Comparative Literary Studies: History; Modern Languages and Cultures; Cross-Faculty Studies; and the School of Creative Arts, Performance and Visual Cultures, which includes Film and Television Studies, Theatre and Performance Studies, History of Art, the Centre for Cultural and Media Policy Studies, and the Warwick Writing Programme. The Faculty also hosts a number of outstanding research centres, including the Centre for the Study of the Renaissance and the Yesu Persaud Centre for Caribbean Studies. Further information can be found on the Faculty’s research webpages.

Prospective applicants must submit an Expression of Interest containing the following information to Alan Ashton-Smith, Research Strategy and Development Manager for the Faculty of Arts (Alan.Ashton-Smith@warwick.ac.uk) by 5pm on Thursday 30 November 2023:A short description of their proposed project (maximum 2 A4 pages).
A copy of their CV (maximum 2 A4 pages).
The name of an academic in their proposed host Department or School. Candidates should contact their prospective mentor in advance of submitting an Expression of Interest.
The names of three referees. Please note that referees will not be asked to provide a statement at this stage.

Applications are welcomed from candidates who have a strong research profile and meet the following eligibility criteria:
  • hold a doctoral degree by the time they take up the Fellowship. If currently registered for a doctorate, they must have submitted their thesis by 4pm on 22 February 2024;
  • not yet have held a permanent academic appointment, although the Trust will consider applications from candidates with permanent posts that do not include any research;
  • not have held or currently hold a comparable funded post-doctoral position of three years’ duration or longer to pursue their own research;
  • have  submitted their doctoral thesis for viva voce examination no more than four years prior to the closing date. Those who submitted their thesis earlier than 22 February 2020 are not eligible to apply, unless they have since had a career break. Exceptionally, the Leverhulme Trust will accept applications from candidates who submitted their thesis up to five years prior to the closing date (i.e. no earlier than 22 February 2019) if they can make a case in their application that their work having been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.  
  • either hold a degree from a UK higher education institution at the time of taking up the Fellowship or at the time of the application deadline hold a non-permanent academic position in the UK (e.g. fixed-term lectureship, fellowship) which commenced no less than 4 months prior to 22 February 2024.

The Leverhulme Trust has provided a list of common reasons why previous applications to the ECF scheme were not successful on the scheme webpage, and prospective applicants are encouraged to refer to this when developing proposals.

The University will support successful candidates in the development of full applications, the deadline for which is 22 February 2024. For any queries about the scheme or internal process, please contact Alan Ashton-Smith (Alan.Ashton-Smith@warwick.ac.uk).

lundi 23 octobre 2023

La grippe de 1918

The Flu Pandemic of 1918-1919
 

Maximiliano Fuentes Codera (Editor)

Publisher ‏ : ‎ Routledge; 1st edition (October 20, 2023)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 192 pages
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1032329536


Within the framework of a global political and sanitarian crisis that broke out in March 2020, this book proposes a new contemporary look at the great pandemic of the 20th century, the Spanish flu of 1918-1919.

Based on its impact in Spain, the book offers a comparative and transatlantic perspective focused on the political and cultural impact of the pandemic in Europe and Latin America. The book focuses on three aspects: the overwhelming presence of influenza between 1918 and 1920, its oblivion and its political and cultural traces in the interwar decades and even more, and its reappearance in the face of the COVID-19. These three aspects are interconnected through a comparative analysis of the crisis of liberalism and democracy of the 1920s and 1930s and the current populist wave that is affecting the world.

As such, this book is of great value to those interested in social and medical history across Europe and Latin America through offering a fresh outlook on the effects of the pandemic of the 20th century in the wake of the COVID pandemic that swept across the world.